Contoh Makalah Tentang TOEIC PREPARATION

INTRODUCTIONS

Education for many people is the answer to our future. English is one of the things that called Education. It is very important for people nowadays to think about education, about how to get it, and to make the best out of it. English consists of many parts that we have to absorb in our brain.

One of the ways to get the knowledge about English is to get the certification of TOEIC by learning of TOEIC Preparation study. It consists of the way to prepare the students prior to get the certification of TOEIC with the acceptable points. Learning TOEIC Preparation study also helps to improve our knowledge about English. This is one of the very important things of English, because this TOEIC Preparation is one of the parts to study about English.

Basically, everyone knows about TOEIC Preparation study, but most of them do not know about the brave theory inside of this study.

This Personal Assignment has been written to help students who want to improve their capability in English, especially in getting the higher points of TOEIC.

In this Personal Assignment, the writer expands on her discussions of the most important basic concepts in the TOEIC Preparation study. And the writer also gives simple examples of each part to make the reader clearly understand all about this study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I want to say thank to the Lord of the World who has given a lot of mercies and blesses until this Personal Assignment has been done.

Education for many people is the answer to our future. English is one of the things that called Education. It’s very important for us to think about education, about how to get it, and to make the best out of it.

This Personal Assignment is intended for readers who do not know about the basic of TOEIC Preparation study. TOEIC Preparation study are one of the important things of how to improve our capability in English.

TOEIC Preparation study is one of the basic subjects to learn about English.

And in this Personal Assignment, I expand on the discussions of the most important concepts in TOEIC Preparation study. And also gives simple examples of each part to make the reader clearly understand all about this study.

I hope this Personal Assignment will serve a useful knowledge for all of the reader.

June 2016

Writer

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTIONS………………………………………………………………….…I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………..II

TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………………………………........III

CHAPTER I: OFFICE AND PERSONNEL

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Prepositions of Location

1.2.1 The Preposition AT

1.2.2 The Preposition ON

1.2.3 The Preposition INz

1.2.4 Object of the Preposition

1.3 Adverbs of Frequency

1.4 Correct Form of Pronoun

CHAPTER II: CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER I

OFFICE AND PERSONNEL

1.1 Introduction

The term ‘word’ is part of everyone’s vocabulary. We all think we understand what words are. What’s more, we are right to think this, at some level. In this personal assignment, there is an ordinary notion of the word needs to be replaced with something radically different. Rather, how our ordinary notion can be made more precise.

This will involve teasing apart the bundle of ingredients that go to make up the notion, showing how these ingredients interact, and introducing ways of talking about each one separately. After reading this personal assignment, you will still go on using the term ‘word’ in talking about language, both in everyday conversation and in more formal contexts, such as literary criticism or English language study.

1.2 Prepositions of Location

Many learners and teachers sometimes view the usage and meaning of prepositions as a secret that cannot be unlocked. However, if we examine the syntactic environments of such key prepositions systematically, patterns of usage and core meaning concepts emerge which can aid explanation and learning.

A preposition is a word or set of words that indicates location (in, near, beside, on top of) or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence (about, after, besides, instead of, in accordance with). A preposition is not a preposition unless it goes with a related noun or pronoun, called the object of the preposition.

A preposition generally, but not always, goes before its noun or pronoun. One of the undying myths of English grammar is that you may not end a sentence with a preposition. But look at the first example that follows. No one should feel compelled to say, or even write, that is something with which I cannot agree. Just do not use extra prepositions when the meaning is clear without them.

The preposition of location is a preposition which is used to refer to a place where something or someone is located. There are only three prepositions of location; however they can be used to discuss an almost endless number of places.

The prepositions at, in and on are often used in English to talk about places (positions) and times. Sometimes the choice of one another in a particular phrase or sentence seems arbitrary. However if we analysis patterns of occurrence we can identify key concepts in meaning and usage which consistently apply and can be used as a platform for learning.

Preposition of location allow you to be very specific when talking about where action takes place in stories or when discussing important details for communication purposes. Prepositions of location give you the ability to tell others where something is located. Notice the use of prepositions of location at, in, and on are basically expressed in the following standard expressions.

at	in	on

at home	in the purse	on a bus
at work	in a car	on a train
at school	in a cab	on a plane
at college	in a helicopter	on a ship
at university	in my bag	on a motor bicycle
at the bottom	in a boat	on a bicycle
at the reception	in a row	on an elephant
at the side	in Junior St.	on the left
at the mall	in a lift	on the right
at the front door	in the newspaper	on the way

1.2.1 The Preposition AT

The preposition AT is usually used to discuss a specific point or location. It shows an exact position.

The preposition AT is used in the following description of place/position.

At - Point	Example

At the corner	Do you live at the corner of this street?
At the ferry terminal	I'm waiting for my sister at the ferry terminal.
At the main gate	She stood at the main gate five minutes ago.
At the top of the page	I read the Syntax discussion at the top of the page 1.
At the end of the road	You'll find Yuni's house at the end of the Goshen Rd.
At the pedestal road	All the pedestrians walk at the pedestal road.
At the front office	I will ask the receptionist at the front office to book a hotel room for you.

1.2.2 The Preposition ON

The preposition ON tells us that the following noun is located on a surface. The use of ON is when one thing is attached to or touching something. Generally, we use ON when it is a normal place to put something.

There are two types of ON generally people use i.e. on and on top of, the differences are ON is used when it is a normal place to put something, however the usage of ON TOP OF is used when it is an unusual place to put something.

For example:

· The pens are on the table.

· The pens are on top of the bookshelves.

The preposition ON is used in the following description of place/position.

On - Surface	Example

on the wall	I put the entire sticky memo on the wall.
on the roof	I found a kitten on the rooftop.
on the floor	We can dance on the floor.
on the menu	There are no prices on the menu.
on my shoes	Shinta is standing on my shoes.
on Facebook	I found a recommended restaurant by searching on Facebook.
on my desk	All the office supplies are on my desk.

1.2.3 The Preposition IN

The preposition IN is basically used to discuss an enclosed space (surrounded or closed off on all sides). Basically, it is used when something is inside something.

In addition, IN and INSIDE mean the same thing in most cases. And the word INTO implies a preposition of movement, not location. It means something is moving into another space.

· Three mice are in the box = Three mice are inside the box.

· The kangaroo is jumping into the large box.

Another case is WITHIN which means inside a limit. The limit can be in place, time, or some other scale. For example:

· There are a few office buildings within five kilometers of here. (Limit of place)

· He has read three newspapers within two hours. (Limit of time)

· The law did not pass due to the disagreements within the government. (Limit of area or class of people)

The preposition IN is used in the following description of place/position.

In - Enclosed Space	Example

In the garden	She is watering the roses in the garden with Basile.
in Batam	I was born in Batam.
in Indonesia	I had a really good time while in Indonesia.
in a drawer	I left my pens in the office drawer.
in my purse	I have some cash in my purse for buying a piece of bread.
in my pocket	I kept the bills in my pocket.
in a building	Do you work in a building?

1.2.4 Object of the Preposition

Preposition is a word that comes before one noun to show its relationship to another word in the phrase or clause. Prepositions are small words that create a relationship between other words in a sentence by linking phrases to the rest of the sentence. The nouns that follow them are objects of the preposition. So, a noun can function as an object of the preposition. The noun that comes after the preposition is called the object of the preposition.

The object of a preposition is the noun or pronoun governed by a preposition. The object of a preposition is usually (but not always) the noun or pronoun immediately to the right of the preposition.

Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, or gerund, or the object of the preposition. For example:

at		in		on

Prep	Object of Preposition	Prep	Object of Preposition	Prep	Object of Preposition

at	home	in	your ear	on	table
at	work	in	a car	on	a bus
at	school	in	a cab	on	a train
at	college	in	a helicopter	on	a plane
at	noon	in	my bag	on	a ship
at	kitchen	in	a boat	on	a cruise
at	living room	in	a row	on	a motor bicycle
at	work	in	Junior St.	on	a bicycle
at	the side	in	a lift	on	elephant
at	the mall	in	the newspaper	on	the left
at	the front door	in	the purse	on	the right
at	the main gate	in	the wallet	on	the way

1.3 Adverbs of Frequency

Adverbs of frequency is used to express how frequently they do an activity. Adverbs that change or qualify the meaning of a sentence by telling us how often or how frequently something happens are defined as adverbs of frequency.

An adverb describing indefinite frequency doesn’t specify an exact time frame; examples are sometimes, often, and rarely.

Frequency	Adverb of Frequency	Example

100%	always	I always have my breakfast before 7:00 am.
90%	usually	I usually drink a cup of milk before bedtime.
80%	normally / generally	It is generally used in making a proposal.
70%	often* / frequently	I often go to beach with my family.
50%	sometimes	I sometimes forget to wear my watch.
30%	occasionally	I occasionally eat junk food.
10%	seldom	I seldom read the literary works.
5%	hardly ever / rarely	I hardly ever drink alcohol.
0%	never	I never swim in the river.

There are a few rules in using of adverbs of frequency, they are:

· Always use adverbs of frequency to discuss how often something happens.

· Adverbs of frequency are often used to indicate routine or repeated activities, so they are often used with the present simple tense.

· If a sentence has only one verb, place the adverb of frequency in the middle of the sentence so that it is positioned after the subject but before the verb. For example: Tom never flies. He always takes the bus.

· When a sentence contains more than one verb, place the adverb of frequency before the main verb. For example: They have often visited Europe.

· When using an adverb of frequency in the negative or in forming a question, place it before the main verb. For example: Do you usually get up so late?

Below is the table of for the words called as adverbs of frequency and include:

Adverbs: Frequency Words

a few times	every now and then	most times	quite often
all day	every third day	nearly always	rarely
all the time	every two months	never	regularly
almost always	every week	normally	seldom
almost never	every year	not often	several times
always	every-time	now and then	sometimes
at times	four times	occasionally	three times
constantly	four times an hour	off and on	three times a week
continuously	frequently	often	twice
daily	generally	on the first of every month	twice a month
every hour	hardly ever	once	usually
every Monday	hourly	once a year	very often
every month	many times	once in a blue moon	weekly
every night	monthly	once in a while	yearly

1.4 Correct Form of Pronoun

A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentence Yura saw Lee, and she waved at him, the pronouns he and her take the place of Yura and Lee, respectively.

A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph. Some examples of pronouns include I, me, mine, myself, she, her, hers, herself, we, us, ours and ourselves.

In grammar, a pronoun is defined as a word or phrase that may be substituted for a noun or noun phrase, which once replaced, is known as the pronoun’s antecedent. How is this possible? In a nutshell, it’s because pronouns can do everything that nouns can do. A pronoun can act as a subject, direct object, indirect object, object of the preposition, and more.

Without pronouns, we’d have to keep on repeating nouns, and that would make our speech and writing repetitive, not to mention cumbersome. Most pronouns are very short words. Examples include:

· He

· She

· They

· It

· We

· Who

As mentioned, pronouns are usually used to replace nouns, however they can also stand in for certain adverbs, adjectives, and other pronouns. Anytime you want to talk about a person, animal, place or thing, you can use pronouns to make your speech or writing flow better.

Pronoun has a few types, and it can be divided into numerous categories including:

§ Indefinite pronouns – those referring to one or more unspecified objects, beings, or places

§ Personal pronouns – those associated with a certain person, thing, or group; all except you have distinct forms that indicate singular or plural number

§ Reflexive pronouns – those preceded by the adverb, adjective, pronoun, or noun to which they refer, and ending in –self or –selves

§ Demonstrative pronouns – those used to point to something specific within a sentence

§ Possessive pronouns – those designating possession or ownership

§ Relative pronouns – those which refer to nouns mentioned previously, acting to introduce an adjective (relative) clause

§ Interrogative pronouns – those which introduce a question

§ Reciprocal pronouns – those expressing mutual actions or relationship; i.e. one another

· Intensive pronouns – those ending in –self or –selves and that serve to emphasize their antecedents

CHAPTER II

CONCLUSION

An adverb of frequency is exactly what it sounds like – an adverb of time. Adverbs of frequency always describe how often something occurs, either in definite or indefinite terms. An adverb that describes definite frequency is one such as weekly, daily, or yearly. An adverb describing indefinite frequency doesn’t specify an exact time frame; examples are sometimes, often, and rarely.

Pronouns are words that substitute for nouns. Every pronoun must have a clear antecedent (the word for which the pronoun stands).

REFERENCES

Book Sources:

Haryanto, Andi. Quantum Foreign Languages Learning. Yogyakarta: interPREbook. 2010.

Grace, Eudia and Th. M. Sudarwati. Look Ahead book 3: An English Course. Jakarta: Penerbit Erlangga. 2005.

Utami, S.Pd, retno and friends. Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA. Surakarta: CV. Teguh karya. 2010.

Internet Sources:

http://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-prepositions-place.php accessed on 05/25/2016

https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/prepositions-place-at-in-on.htm accessed on 05/25/2016

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/preposition/preposition-place/ accessed on 05/26/2016

http://www.grammar.cl/rules/prepositions-of-place.htm accessed on 05/25/2016

http://www.ecenglish.com/learnenglish/lessons/in-on-at-prepositions-place accessed on 05/27/2016